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 Nepal
forms the very watershed of Asia. Landlocked between India and Tibet, it
spans terrain from subtropical jungle to the icy Himalaya, and contains
or shares eight of the world's ten highest mountains. Its cultural
landscape is every bit as diverse: a dozen major ethnic groups ,
speaking as many as fifty languages and dialects, coexist in this narrow,
jumbled buffer state, while two of the world's great religions ,
Hinduism and Buddhism, overlap and mingle with older tribal traditions -
yet it's a testimony to the Nepalis' tolerance and good humour that
there is no tradition of ethnic or religious strife. Unlike India, Nepal
was never colonized, a fact which comes through in fierce national pride
and other, more idiosyncratic ways. Founded on trans-Himalayan trade,
its dense, medieval cities display a unique pagoda-style architecture,
not to mention an astounding flair for festivals and pageantry. But
above all, Nepal is a nation of unaffected villages and terraced
hillsides - more than eighty percent of the population lives off the
land - and whether you're trekking, biking or bouncing around in packed
buses, sampling this simple lifestyle is perhaps the greatest pleasure
of all.
But it would be misleading to portray Nepal as a fabled Shangri-la. One
of the world's poorest countries (if you go by per capita income), it
suffers from many of the pangs and uncertainties of the Third World,
including overpopulation and deforestation; development is coming in
fits and starts, and not all of it is being shared equitably. Heavily
reliant on its big-brother neighbours, Nepal was, until 1990, run by one
of the last remaining absolute monarchies, a regime that combined
China's repressiveness and India's bureaucracy in equal measure. It's
now a democracy , but corruption and frequent changes of government have
led to widespread disillusion and spawned a simmering rebel insurgency;
political freedom has changed little for the average struggling Nepali
family.
Travelling in Nepal isn't a straightforward or predictable activity.
Certain tourist areas are highly developed, even overdeveloped, but
facilities elsewhere are rudimentary; getting around is time-consuming
and sometimes uncomfortable. Nepalis are well used to shrugging off such
inconveniences with the all-purpose phrase, Ke garne ? ("What to do?").
Nepal is also a more fragile country than most - culturally as well as
environmentally - so it's necessary to be especially sensitive as a
traveller.
Topography is obviously a key consideration when travelling in Nepal.
Generally speaking, the country divides into three altitude zones
running from west to east. The northernmost of these is, of course, the
Himalayan chain , broken into a series of himal (permanently snow-covered
mountain ranges) and alpine valleys, and inhabited, at least part of the
year, as high as 5000m. The largest part of the country consists of a
wide belt of middle-elevation foothills and valleys , Nepal's
traditional heartland; two ranges, the Mahabharat Lek and the lower,
southernmost Chure (or Siwalik) Hills, stand out. Finally, the Tarai , a
strip of flat, lowland jungle and farmland along the southern border,
has more in common with India than with the rest of Nepal.
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